Review
Amplification and kinetics of the activation steps in phototransduction

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      Citation Excerpt :

      The signal transduction module of the rod cell comprises sub-modules of reception, amplification, shut-off, and feedback, which have each been studied in great detail. Here we will simply summarise the cascade and its operation; more comprehensive reviews can be found elsewhere (Pugh and Lamb, 1993; Ebrey and Koutalos, 2001; Lamb and Pugh, 2006; Fu and Yau, 2007; Wensel, 2008; Burns, 2010; Arshavsky and Wensel, 2013; Koch and Dell’Orco, 2015). The molecules that mediate activation of phototransduction are sketched schematically in Fig. 7A, together with arrows depicting the flow of activation interactions.

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      One molecule of Tr∗ activates one of the two catalytic units of PDE (see 3.3.3). One unit of PDE∗ can hydrolyze >1000 molecules of cGMP per s under optimal biochemical conditions (Pugh and Lamb, 1993). The actual number of cGMP hydrolyzed in the intact rod is not as high because the cGMP concentration in rods in the dark is only several μM which is more than 10 times lower than the Michaelis constant of the hydrolysis of cGMP by PDE∗ (Pugh and Lamb, 1993).

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