Abstract
Quantitative analysis of the immunoreactivity for arginine-vasopressin (AVP-ir) in the telencephalon of male (intact and castrated) and female CD1 mice allows us to precisely locate two sexually dimorphic (more abundant in intact than castrated males and females) AVP-ir cell groups in the posterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and the amygdala. Chemoarchitecture (NADPH diaphorase) reveals that the intraamygdaloid AVP-ir cells are located in the intra-amygdaloid BST (BSTIA) rather than the medial amygdala (Me), as previously thought. Then, we have used for the first time tract tracing (combined with AVP immunofluorescence) and fiber-sparing lesions of the BST to analyze the projections of the telencephalic AVP-ir cell groups. The results demonstrate that the posterior BST originates the sexually dimorphic innervation of the lateral septum, the posterodorsal Me and a substance P-negative area in the medioventral striato-pallidum (mvStP).The BSTIA may also contribute to some of these terminal fields. Our material also reveals non-dimorphic AVP-ir processes in two locations of the amygdala. First, the ventral Me shows dendrite-like AVP-ir processes apparently belonging supraoptic neurons, whose possible functions are discussed. Second, the Ce shows sparse, thick AVP-ir axons with high individual variability in density and distribution, whose possible influence on stress coping in relation to the affiliative or agonistic behaviors mediated by the Me are discussed. Finally, we propose that the region of the mvStP showing sexually dimorphic AVP-ir innervation is part of the brain network for socio-sexual behavior, in which it would mediate motivational aspects of chemosensory-guided social interactions.
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Abbreviations
- 3V:
-
Third ventricle
- AA:
-
Anterior amygdaloid area
- AAD:
-
Anterior amygdaloid area, dorsal part
- AAV:
-
Anterior amygdaloid area, ventral part
- AC:
-
Anterior commissural nucleus
- aca:
-
Anterior commissure, anterior part
- Acb:
-
Accumbens nucleus
- AcbC:
-
Accumbens nucleus, core
- AcbSh:
-
Accumbens nucleus, shell
- ACo:
-
Anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus
- acp:
-
Anterior commissure, posterior part
- AD:
-
Anterodorsal thalamic nucleus
- ADP:
-
Anterodorsal preoptic nucleus
- AHA:
-
Anterior hypothalamic area, anterior part
- AHiAL:
-
Amygdalohippocampal area, anterolateral part
- AHiMP:
-
Amygdalohippocampal area, medial posterior part
- AIP:
-
Agranular insular cortex, posterior part
- AM:
-
Anteromedial thalamic nucleus
- AOM:
-
Anterior olfactory nucleus, medial part
- AOP:
-
Anterior olfactory nucleus, posterior part
- APir:
-
Amygdalopiriform transition area
- AStr:
-
Amygdalostriatal transition area
- AV:
-
Anteroventral thalamic nucleus
- AVP:
-
Arginine-vasopressin
- AVPe:
-
Anteroventral periventricular nucleus
- AVP-ir:
-
Arginine-vasopressin immunoreactive
- AVV:
-
Anteroventral thalamic nucleus, ventral part
- BAC:
-
Bed nucleus of the anterior commissure
- BAOT:
-
Bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract
- BLA:
-
Basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, anterior
- BLP:
-
Basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, posterior
- BLV:
-
Basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventral
- BMA:
-
Basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, anterior
- BMP:
-
Basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, posterior
- BST:
-
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
- BSTIA:
-
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, intraamygdaloid division
- BSTLD:
-
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, dorsal part
- BSTLI:
-
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, intermediate part
- BSTLJ:
-
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, juxtacapsular part
- BSTLP:
-
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, posterior part
- BSTLV:
-
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, ventral part
- BSTMA:
-
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division, anterior part
- BSTMP:
-
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division, posterior part
- BSTMPI:
-
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division, posterointermediate part
- BSTMPL:
-
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division, posterolateral part
- BSTMPM:
-
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division, posteromedial part
- BSTMV:
-
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division, ventral part
- BSTS:
-
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, supracapsular part
- CA1:
-
Field CA1 of hippocampus
- CA2:
-
Field CA2 of hippocampus
- CA3:
-
Field CA3 of hippocampus
- cc:
-
Corpus callosum
- Ce:
-
Central amygdaloid nucleus
- CeC:
-
Central amygdaloid nucleus, capsular part
- CeL:
-
Central amygdaloid nucleus, lateral division
- CeM:
-
Central amygdaloid nucleus, medial division
- CeMPV:
-
Central amygdaloid nucleus, medial division, posteroventral part
- Cg1:
-
Cingulate cortex, area 1
- Cg2:
-
Cingulate cortex, area 2
- Cl:
-
Claustrum
- CM:
-
Central medial thalamic nucleus
- CPu:
-
Caudate putamen (striatum)
- CxA:
-
Cortex-amygdala transition zone
- D3V:
-
Dorsal third ventricle
- DEn:
-
Dorsal endopiriform nucleus
- DG:
-
Dentate gyrus
- DP:
-
Dorsal peduncular cortex
- DTT:
-
Dorsal tenia tecta
- f:
-
Fornix
- FG:
-
Fluorogold
- fi:
-
Fimbria of the hippocampus
- fmi:
-
Forceps minor of the corpus callosum
- GrDG:
-
Granular layer of the dentate gyrus
- HDB:
-
Nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band
- I:
-
Intercalated nuclei of the amygdala
- IAD:
-
Interanterodorsal thalamic nucleus
- ic:
-
Internal capsule
- ICj:
-
Islands of Calleja
- ICjM:
-
Islands of Calleja, major island
- IG:
-
Indusium griseum
- IL:
-
Infralimbic cortex
- IM:
-
Intercalated amygdaloid nucleus, main part
- IPAC:
-
Interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure
- IPACL:
-
Lateral interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure
- IPACM:
-
Medial interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure
- La:
-
Lateral amygdaloid nucleus
- LA:
-
Lateroanterior hypothalamic nucleus
- LaDL:
-
Lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsolateral part
- LaVL:
-
Lateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventrolateral part
- LaVM:
-
Lateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part
- LEnt:
-
Lateral entorhinal cortex
- LGP:
-
Lateral globus pallidus
- LH:
-
Lateral hypothalamic area
- lo:
-
Lateral olfactory tract
- LOT:
-
Nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract
- LOT 1:
-
Nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, layer 1
- LOT 2:
-
Nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, layer 2
- LOT 3:
-
Nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, layer 3
- LPO:
-
Lateral preoptic area
- LS:
-
Lateral septum
- LSD:
-
Lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part
- LSI:
-
Lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part
- LSV:
-
Lateral septal nucleus, ventral part
- LV:
-
Lateral ventricle
- M1:
-
Primary motor cortex
- M2:
-
Secondary motor cortex
- MCPO:
-
Magnocellular preoptic nucleus
- MD:
-
Mediodorsal thalamic nucleus
- Me:
-
Medial amygdaloid nucleus
- MeA:
-
Medial amygdaloid nucleus, anterior part
- MeAD:
-
Medial amygdaloid nucleus, anterior dorsal part
- MeAV:
-
Medial amygdaloid nucleus, anteroventral part
- MePD:
-
Medial amygdaloid nucleus, posterodorsal part
- MePV:
-
Medial amygdaloid nucleus, posteroventral part
- mfb:
-
Medial forebrain bundle
- MGP:
-
Medial globus pallidus (entopeduncular nucleus)
- MnPO:
-
Median preoptic nucleus
- MO:
-
Medial orbital cortex
- MPA:
-
Medial preoptic area
- MPO:
-
Medial preoptic nucleus
- MPOM:
-
Medial preoptic nucleus, medial part
- MS:
-
Medial septal nucleus
- mvStP:
-
Medioventral striato-pallidum
- NADPHd:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase
- opt:
-
Optic tract
- Or:
-
Oriens layer of the hippocampus
- PaAP:
-
Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, anterior parvicellular part
- PB:
-
Phosphate buffer
- PBS:
-
Phosphate buffered saline
- Pir:
-
Piriform cortex
- PLCo:
-
Posterolateral cortical amygdaloid nucleus
- PMCo:
-
Posteromedial cortical amygdaloid nucleus
- PRh:
-
Perirhinal cortex
- PrL:
-
Prelimbic cortex
- PT:
-
Paratenial thalamic nucleus
- PVA:
-
Paraventricular thalamic nucleus, anterior part
- Py:
-
Pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus
- Rad:
-
Stratum radiatum of the hippocampus
- Re:
-
Reuniens thalamic nucleus
- Rt:
-
Reticular thalamic nucleus
- SCh:
-
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
- SFi:
-
Septofimbrial nucleus
- SFO:
-
Subfornical organ
- SHi:
-
Septohippocampal nucleus
- SHy:
-
Septohypothalamic nucleus
- SI:
-
Substantia innominata
- SLu:
-
Stratum lucidum, hippocampus
- SM:
-
Nucleus of the stria medullaris
- sm:
-
Stria medullaris of the thalamus
- SO:
-
Supraoptic nucleus
- SP:
-
Substance P
- st:
-
Stria terminalis
- StA:
-
Strial part of the preoptic area
- TBS:
-
TRIS buffered saline
- Tu:
-
Olfactory tubercle
- V1aR:
-
Arginine-vasopressin receptor type 1a
- V1bR:
-
Arginine-vasopressin receptor type 1b
- VA:
-
Ventral anterior thalamic nucleus
- VEn:
-
Ventral endopiriform nucleus
- VDB:
-
Ventral diagonal band
- VLPO:
-
Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
- VMPO:
-
Ventromedial preoptic nucleus
- VO:
-
Ventral orbital cortex
- VOLT:
-
Vascular organ of the lamina terminalis
- VP:
-
Ventral pallidum
- VTT:
-
Ventral tenia tecta
- Xi:
-
Xiphoid thalamic nucleus
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Acknowledgments
This work has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science-FEDER (BFU2007-67912/BFI and BFU2010-16656/BFI), the Generalitat Valenciana (ACOMP/2010/127) and the Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha/FEDER (PEIC11-0045-4490). This paper is part of the Doctoral Thesis of Marcos Otero-Garcia. The authors are indebted to Adoración Hernandez-Martinez for her invaluable help throughout the experimental work.
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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Otero-Garcia, M., Martin-Sanchez, A., Fortes-Marco, L. et al. Extending the socio-sexual brain: arginine-vasopressin immunoreactive circuits in the telencephalon of mice. Brain Struct Funct 219, 1055–1081 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-013-0553-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-013-0553-3