Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of acute administration of the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen on behavioral flexibility in rats

  • Original Investigation
  • Published:
Psychopharmacology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Rationale

The ability to adjust response strategies when faced with changes in the environment is critical for normal adaptive behavior. Such behavioral flexibility is compromised by experimental disruption of cortical GABAergic signaling, as well as in conditions such as schizophrenia and normal aging that are characterized by cortical hyperexcitability. The current studies were designed to determine whether stimulation of GABAergic signaling using the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen can facilitate behavioral flexibility.

Methods

Male Fischer 344 rats were trained in a set-shifting task in which they learned to discriminate between two response levers to obtain a food reward. Correct levers were signaled in accordance with two distinct response rules (rule 1: correct lever signaled by a cue light; rule 2: correct lever signaled by its left/right position). The order of rule presentation varied, but they were always presented sequentially, with the trials and errors to reach criterion performance on the second (set shift) rule providing the measure of behavioral flexibility. Experiments determined the effects of the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen (intraperitoneal, 0, 1.0, 2.5, and 4.0 mg/kg) administered acutely before the shift to the second rule.

Results

Baclofen enhanced set-shifting performance. Control experiments demonstrated that this enhancement was not simply due to improved discrimination learning, nor was it due to impaired recall of the initial discrimination rule.

Conclusions

The results demonstrate that baclofen can facilitate behavioral flexibility, suggesting that GABA(B) receptor agonists may have utility for treating behavioral dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Arias C, Mlewski EC, Molina JC, Spear NE (2009) Naloxone and baclofen attenuate ethanol’s locomotor-activating effects in preweanling Sprague-Dawley rats. Behav Neurosci 123:172–80

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnsten AF, Wang M, Paspalas CD (2015) Dopamine’s actions in primate prefrontal cortex: challenges for treating cognitive disorders. Pharmacol Rev 67:681–96

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arolfo MP, Zanudio MA, Ramirez OA (1998) Baclofen infused in rat hippocampal formation impairs spatial learning. Hippocampus 8:109–13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker KW, Tann B, Mutlu A, Gaebler-Spira D (2014) Improvements in children with cerebral palsy following intrathecal baclofen: use of the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago Care and Comfort Caregiver Questionnaire (RIC CareQ). J Child Neurol 29:312–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Banuelos C, Beas BS, McQuail JA, Gilbert RJ, Frazier CJ, Setlow B, Bizon JL (2014) Prefrontal cortical GABAergic dysfunction contributes to age-related working memory impairment. J Neurosci 34:3457–66

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Beas BS, Setlow B, Bizon JL (2013) Distinct manifestations of executive dysfunction in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 34:2164–74

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Beas BS, McQuail JA, Banuelos C, Setlow B, Bizon JL (2016) Prefrontal cortical GABAergic signaling and impaired behavioral flexibility in aged F344 rats. Neuroscience. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.014

  • Berry-Kravis EM, Hessl D, Rathmell B, Zarevics P, Cherubini M, Walton-Bowen K, Mu Y, Nguyen DV, Gonzalez-Heydrich J, Wang PP, Carpenter RL, Bear MF, Hagerman RJ (2012) Effects of STX209 (arbaclofen) on neurobehavioral function in children and adults with fragile X syndrome: a randomized, controlled, phase 2 trial. Sci Transl Med 4:152ra127

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bettler B, Kaupmann K, Mosbacher J, Gassmann M (2004) Molecular structure and physiological functions of GABA(B) receptors. Physiol Rev 84:835–67

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beveridge TJ, Smith HR, Porrino LJ (2013) Differential development of tolerance to the functional and behavioral effects of repeated baclofen treatment in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 106:27–32

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Billingslea EN, Tatard-Leitman VM, Anguiano J, Jutzeler CR, Suh J, Saunders JA, Morita S, Featherstone RE, Ortinski PI, Gandal MJ, Lin R, Liang Y, Gur RE, Carlson GC, Hahn CG, Siegel SJ (2014) Parvalbumin cell ablation of NMDA-R1 causes increased resting network excitability with associated social and self-care deficits. Neuropsychopharmacology 39:1603–13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Birrell JM, Brown VJ (2000) Medial frontal cortex mediates perceptual attentional set shifting in the rat. J Neurosci 20:4320–4

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bissonette GB, Powell EM (2012) Reversal learning and attentional set-shifting in mice. Neuropharmacology 62:1168–74

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bissonette GB, Powell EM, Roesch MR (2013) Neural structures underlying set-shifting: roles of medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex. Behav Brain Res 250:91–101

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bissonette GB, Bae MH, Suresh T, Jaffe DE, Powell EM (2014) Prefrontal cognitive deficits in mice with altered cerebral cortical GABAergic interneurons. Behav Brain Res 259:143–51

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bondi CO, Rodriguez G, Gould GG, Frazer A, Morilak DA (2008) Chronic unpredictable stress induces a cognitive deficit and anxiety-like behavior in rats that is prevented by chronic antidepressant drug treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:320–31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bortolato M, Frau R, Orru M, Piras AP, Fa M, Tuveri A, Puligheddu M, Gessa GL, Castelli MP, Mereu G, Marrosu F (2007) Activation of GABA(B) receptors reverses spontaneous gating deficits in juvenile DBA/2J mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 194:361–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brady AM (2009) Neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions disrupt set-shifting ability in adult rats. Behav Brain Res 205:294–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buckner RL (2004) Memory and executive function in aging and AD: multiple factors that cause decline and reserve factors that compensate. Neuron 44:195–208

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butts KA, Floresco SB, Phillips AG (2013) Acute stress impairs set-shifting but not reversal learning. Behav Brain Res 252:222–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cabungcal JH, Counotte DS, Lewis EM, Tejeda HA, Piantadosi P, Pollock C, Calhoon GG, Sullivan EM, Presgraves E, Kil J, Hong LE, Cuenod M, Do KQ, O’Donnell P (2014) Juvenile antioxidant treatment prevents adult deficits in a developmental model of schizophrenia. Neuron 83:1073–84

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Castellano C, Brioni JD, Nagahara AH, McGaugh JL (1989) Post-training systemic and intra-amygdala administration of the GABA-B agonist baclofen impairs retention. Behav Neural Biol 52:170–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casten KS, Gray AC, Burwell RD (2011) Discrimination learning and attentional set formation in a mouse model of Fragile X. Behav Neurosci 125:473–9

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen KC, Baxter MG, Rodefer JS (2004) Central blockade of muscarinic cholinergic receptors disrupts affective and attentional set-shifting. Eur J Neurosci 20:1081–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cho KK, Hoch R, Lee AT, Patel T, Rubenstein JL, Sohal VS (2015) Gamma rhythms link prefrontal interneuron dysfunction with cognitive inflexibility in Dlx5/6(+/-) mice. Neuron 85:1332–43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Colombo G, Addolorato G, Agabio R, Carai MA, Pibiri F, Serra S, Vacca G, Gessa GL (2004) Role of GABA(B) receptor in alcohol dependence: reducing effect of baclofen on alcohol intake and alcohol motivational properties in rats and amelioration of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and alcohol craving in human alcoholics. Neurotox Res 6:403–14

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cunha PJ, Goncalves PD, Ometto M, Dos Santos B, Nicastri S, Busatto GF, de Andrade AG (2013) Executive cognitive dysfunction and ADHD in cocaine dependence: searching for a common cognitive endophenotype for addictive disorders. Front Psychiatry 4:126

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Darrah JM, Stefani MR, Moghaddam B (2008) Interaction of N-methyl-D-aspartate and group 5 metabotropic glutamate receptors on behavioral flexibility using a novel operant set-shift paradigm. Behav Pharmacol 19:225–34

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • D’Cruz AM, Ragozzino ME, Mosconi MW, Shrestha S, Cook EH, Sweeney JA (2013) Reduced behavioral flexibility in autism spectrum disorders. Neuropsychology 27:152–60

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Demakis GJ (2003) A meta-analytic review of the sensitivity of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test to frontal and lateralized frontal brain damage. Neuropsychology 17:255–64

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dias R, Robbins TW, Roberts AC (1996) Dissociation in prefrontal cortex of affective and attentional shifts. Nature 380:69–72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Enomoto T, Tse MT, Floresco SB (2011) Reducing prefrontal gamma-aminobutyric acid activity induces cognitive, behavioral, and dopaminergic abnormalities that resemble schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 69:432–41

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson CA, Veenstra-Vanderweele JM, Melmed RD, McCracken JT, Ginsberg LD, Sikich L, Scahill L, Cherubini M, Zarevics P, Walton-Bowen K, Carpenter RL, Bear MF, Wang PP, King BH (2014) STX209 (arbaclofen) for autism spectrum disorders: an 8-week open-label study. J Autism Dev Disord 44:958–64

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Escher T, Mittleman G (2004) Effects of ethanol and GABAB drugs on working memory in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 176:166–74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Everett J, Lavoie K, Gagnon JF, Gosselin N (2001) Performance of patients with schizophrenia on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). J Psychiatry Neurosci 26:123–30

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Faraday MM (2002) Rat sex and strain differences in responses to stress. Physiol Behav 75:507–22

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Floresco SB, Block AE, Tse MT (2008) Inactivation of the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat impairs strategy set-shifting, but not reversal learning, using a novel, automated procedure. Behav Brain Res 190:85–96

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Floresco SB, Zhang Y, Enomoto T (2009) Neural circuits subserving behavioral flexibility and their relevance to schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 204:396–409

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin TR, Harper D, Kampman K, Kildea-McCrea S, Jens W, Lynch KG, O’Brien CP, Childress AR (2009) The GABA B agonist baclofen reduces cigarette consumption in a preliminary double-blind placebo-controlled smoking reduction study. Drug Alcohol Depend 103:30–6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gandal MJ, Sisti J, Klook K, Ortinski PI, Leitman V, Liang Y, Thieu T, Anderson R, Pierce RC, Jonak G, Gur RE, Carlson G, Siegel SJ (2012) GABAB-mediated rescue of altered excitatory-inhibitory balance, gamma synchrony and behavioral deficits following constitutive NMDAR-hypofunction. Transl Psychiatry 2:e142

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Garbutt JC, Kampov-Polevoy AB, Gallop R, Kalka-Juhl L, Flannery BA (2010) Efficacy and safety of baclofen for alcohol dependence: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 34:1849–57

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gass JT, Glen WB Jr, McGonigal JT, Trantham-Davidson H, Lopez MF, Randall PK, Yaxley R, Floresco SB, Chandler LJ (2014) Adolescent alcohol exposure reduces behavioral flexibility, promotes disinhibition, and increases resistance to extinction of ethanol self-administration in adulthood. Neuropsychopharmacology 39:2570–83

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • George SA, Rodriguez-Santiago M, Riley J, Abelson JL, Floresco SB, Liberzon I (2015) Alterations in cognitive flexibility in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Behav Brain Res 286:256–64

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gruber AJ, Calhoon GG, Shusterman I, Schoenbaum G, Roesch MR, O’Donnell P (2010) More is less: a disinhibited prefrontal cortex impairs cognitive flexibility. J Neurosci 30:17102–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson C, Wijetunge L, Kinoshita MN, Shumway M, Hammond RS, Postma FR, Brynczka C, Rush R, Thomas A, Paylor R, Warren ST, Vanderklish PW, Kind PC, Carpenter RL, Bear MF, Healy AM (2012) Reversal of disease-related pathologies in the fragile X mouse model by selective activation of GABAB receptors with arbaclofen. Sci Transl Med 4:152ra128

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurtubise JL, Howland JG (2016) Effects of stress on behavioral flexibility in rodents. Neurosci pii S0306–4522(16):30062–8. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.007

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahn R, Biswas K, Childress AR, Shoptaw S, Fudala PJ, Gorgon L, Montoya I, Collins J, McSherry F, Li SH, Chiang N, Alathari H, Watson D, Liberto J, Beresford T, Stock C, Wallace C, Gruber V, Elkashef A (2009) Multi-center trial of baclofen for abstinence initiation in severe cocaine-dependent individuals. Drug Alcohol Depend 103:59–64

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp DJ, Overstreet DH, Breese GR (2007) Baclofen blocks expression and sensitization of anxiety-like behavior in an animal model of repeated stress and ethanol withdrawal. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31:582–95

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lasarge CL, Banuelos C, Mayse JD, Bizon JL (2009) Blockade of GABA(B) receptors completely reverses age-related learning impairment. Neuroscience 164:941–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Levin ED, Weber E, Icenogle L (2004) Baclofen interactions with nicotine in rats: effects on memory. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 79:343–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Risbrough VB, Cates-Gatto C, Kaczanowska K, Finn MG, Roberts AJ, Markou A (2013) Comparison of the effects of the GABAB receptor positive modulator BHF177 and the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen on anxiety-like behavior, learning, and memory in mice. Neuropharmacology 70:156–67

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lipska BK, Lerman DN, Khaing ZZ, Weinberger DR (2003) The neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion model of schizophrenia: effects on dopamine and GABA mRNA markers in the rat midbrain. Eur J Neurosci 18:3097–104

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Wang LN (2015) Baclofen for alcohol withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD008502

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maes JH, Eling PA, Wezenberg E, Vissers CT, Kan CC (2011) Attentional set shifting in autism spectrum disorder: differentiating between the role of perseveration, learned irrelevance, and novelty processing. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 33:210–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Margetis K, Papageorgiou G, Gatzonis S, Politis K, Siatouni A, Sakas D (2014) Intrathecal baclofen improves psychiatric symptoms in spasticity patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 34:374–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McQuail JA, Frazier CJ, Bizon JL (2015) Molecular aspects of age-related cognitive decline: the role of GABA signaling. Trends Mol Med 21:450–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morley KC, Baillie A, Leung S, Addolorato G, Leggio L, Haber PS (2014) Baclofen for the treatment of alcohol dependence and possible role of comorbid anxiety. Alcohol Alcohol 49:654–6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Muzyk AJ, Rivelli SK, Gagliardi JP (2012) Defining the role of baclofen for the treatment of alcohol dependence: a systematic review of the evidence. CNS Drugs 26:69–78

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nikiforuk A (2012) Selective blockade of 5-HT7 receptors facilitates attentional set-shifting in stressed and control rats. Behav Brain Res 226:118–23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Overgard TM, Kjaersgaard-Hansen L, Soe M, Illum NO (2015) Positive experience with intrathecal baclofen treatment in children with severe cerebral palsy. Dan Med J 62:A4999

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Owen AM, Roberts AC, Polkey CE, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW (1991) Extra-dimensional versus intra-dimensional set shifting performance following frontal lobe excisions, temporal lobe excisions or amygdalo-hippocampectomy in man. Neuropsychologia 29:993–1006

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Placek K, Dippel WC, Jones S, Brady AM (2013) Impairments in set-shifting but not reversal learning in the neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion model of schizophrenia: further evidence for medial prefrontal deficits. Behav Brain Res 256:405–13

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qin M, Huang T, Kader M, Krych L, Xia Z, Burlin T, Zeidler Z, Zhao T, Smith CB (2015) R-baclofen reverses a social behavior deficit and elevated protein synthesis in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 18. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyv034

  • Ragozzino ME (2007) The contribution of the medial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and dorsomedial striatum to behavioral flexibility. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1121:355–75

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ragozzino ME, Ragozzino KE, Mizumori SJ, Kesner RP (2002) Role of the dorsomedial striatum in behavioral flexibility for response and visual cue discrimination learning. Behav Neurosci 116:105–15

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rekand T, Gronning M (2011) Treatment of spasticity related to multiple sclerosis with intrathecal baclofen: a long-term follow-up. J Rehabil Med 43:511–4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimp KG, Mitchell MR, Beas BS, Bizon JL, Setlow B (2015) Affective and cognitive mechanisms of risky decision making. Neurobiol Learn Mem 117:60–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman JL, Pride MC, Hayes JE, Puhger KR, Butler-Struben HM, Baker S, Crawley JN (2015) GABAB receptor agonist R-baclofen reverses social deficits and reduces repetitive behavior in two mouse models of autism. Neuropsychopharmacology 40:2228–39

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sparta DR, Hovelso N, Mason AO, Kantak PA, Ung RL, Decot HK, Stuber GD (2014) Activation of prefrontal cortical parvalbumin interneurons facilitates extinction of reward-seeking behavior. J Neurosci 34:3699–705

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stackman RW, Walsh TJ (1994) Baclofen produces dose-related working memory impairments after intraseptal injection. Behav Neural Biol 61:181–5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turner KM, Burne TH (2014) Comprehensive behavioural analysis of Long Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats reveals differential effects of housing conditions on tests relevant to neuropsychiatric disorders. PLoS One 9:e93411

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Uylings HB, Groenewegen HJ, Kolb B (2003) Do rats have a prefrontal cortex? Behav Brain Res 146:3–17

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Molen MJ, Van der Molen MW, Ridderinkhof KR, Hamel BC, Curfs LM, Ramakers GJ (2012) Attentional set-shifting in fragile X syndrome. Brain Cogn 78:206–17

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Staay FJ, Schuurman T, van Reenen CG, Korte SM (2009) Emotional reactivity and cognitive performance in aversively motivated tasks: a comparison between four rat strains. Behav Brain Funct 5:50

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Neubauer FB, Luscher HR, Thurley K (2010) GABAB receptor-dependent modulation of network activity in the rat prefrontal cortex in vitro. Eur J Neurosci 31:1582–94

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood S, Sage JR, Shuman T, Anagnostaras SG (2014) Psychostimulants and cognition: a continuum of behavioral and cognitive activation. Pharmacol Rev 66:193–221

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, Xu C, Tu H, Wang Y, Sun Q, Hu P, Hu Y, Rondard P, Liu J (2015) GABAB receptor upregulates fragile X mental retardation protein expression in neurons. Sci Rep 5:10468

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank Ms. Kailey Simpson, Ms. Shannon Wall, Ms. Miranda Schwabe, and Ms. Lauren Vetere for assistance with behavioral testing. This work was supported by NIH grant R01AG029421 (JLB), the McKnight Brain Research Foundation (JLB), the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program DGE-0802270 (BSB), and a Diversity Supplement to NIH grant R01AG029421 (BSB).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, PO Box 100244, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0244, USA

    B. Sofia Beas, Barry Setlow & Jennifer L. Bizon

  2. Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Barry Setlow & Jennifer L. Bizon

Authors
  1. B. Sofia Beas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Barry Setlow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jennifer L. Bizon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jennifer L. Bizon.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Beas, B.S., Setlow, B. & Bizon, J.L. Effects of acute administration of the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen on behavioral flexibility in rats. Psychopharmacology 233, 2787–2797 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4321-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4321-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation