Abstract
The nervous system is populated by diverse types of neurons, each of which has dendritic trees with strikingly different morphologies. These neuron-specific morphologies determine how dendritic trees integrate thousands of synaptic inputs to generate different firing properties. To ensure proper neuronal function and connectivity, it is necessary that dendrite patterns are precisely controlled and coordinated with synaptic activity. Here, we summarize the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate the formation of cell type-specific dendrite patterns during development. We focus on different aspects of vertebrate dendrite patterning that are particularly important in determining the neuronal function; such as the shape, branching, orientation and size of the arbors as well as the development of dendritic spine protrusions that receive excitatory inputs and compartmentalize postsynaptic responses. Additionally, we briefly comment on the implications of aberrant dendritic morphology for nervous system disease.
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Abbreviations
- AD:
-
Alzheimer disease
- AMPA:
-
α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor
- ASD:
-
Autism spectrum disorder
- bHLH:
-
Basic helix-loop-helix
- CaM:
-
Calmodulin
- CaMK:
-
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
- CaMKK:
-
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase
- CBP:
-
CREB-binding protein
- Cdc20:
-
Cell division cycle protein 20
- Cdc42:
-
Cell division control proteins 42
- Cdk5:
-
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5
- CREST:
-
Calcium-RESponsive Transactivator
- CREB:
-
cAMP-response element binding protein
- DSCAM:
-
Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule
- ERK:
-
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- FMRP:
-
Fragile X mental retardation protein
- GAP:
-
GTPases activating proteins
- GEF:
-
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- GOPs:
-
Golgi outposts
- GSK-3β:
-
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β
- HD:
-
Huntington disease
- HDAC:
-
Histone deacetylase
- JNK:
-
c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- L1CAM:
-
L1 cell adhesion molecule
- LimK1:
-
LIM domain kinase 1
- LTP:
-
Long-term potentiation
- MAP:
-
Microtubule-associated protein
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MARCKS:
-
Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate
- MEF:
-
Myocyte enhancer factor 2A
- MEK:
-
MAPK/ERK kinase
- mTOR:
-
Mammalian target of rapamycin
- NCAM:
-
Neural cell adhesion molecule
- NHE6:
-
Na+/H+ exchanger 6
- NMDAR:
-
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor
- PAK:
-
p21-Activated kinase
- PD:
-
Parkinson disease
- Pea3:
-
Polyoma enhancer activator 3
- PI3 K:
-
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PKC:
-
Protein kinase C
- Rac1:
-
Ras-related C4 botulinum toxin substrate 1
- Ret:
-
Rearrangement in transformation
- ROCK:
-
Rho-associated protein kinase
- TAOK2:
-
Thousand-and-one-amino acid 2 kinase
- TrkB:
-
Tropomyosin receptor kinase B
- Tsc1:
-
Tuberous sclerosis complex 1
- VSCC:
-
Voltage-sensitive calcium channel
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Acknowledgements
We thank Carly McCarthy for comments on the manuscript. Work in the author’s laboratory is funded by Grants from the Argentine Agency for Promotion of Science and Technology (ANPCyT) PICT2013-0914, PICT2014-2155 and UBACyT 2013-2016GC (20020120100026BA), and UBACyT 2014-2017GC (20020130100779BA). FL and GP are supported by an independent research career position from the Argentine Medical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina.
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Ledda, F., Paratcha, G. Mechanisms regulating dendritic arbor patterning. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 74, 4511–4537 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-017-2588-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-017-2588-8