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Mechanisms regulating GABAergic neuron development

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Abstract

Neurons using gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as their neurotransmitter are the main inhibitory neurons in the mature central nervous system (CNS) and show great variation in their form and function. GABAergic neurons are produced in all of the main domains of the CNS, where they develop from discrete regions of the neuroepithelium. Here, we review the gene expression and regulatory mechanisms controlling the main steps of GABAergic neuron development: early patterning of the proliferative neuroepithelium, production of postmitotic neural precursors, establishment of their identity and migration. By comparing the molecular regulation of these events across CNS, we broadly identify three regions utilizing distinct molecular toolkits for GABAergic fate determination: telencephalon–anterior diencephalon (DLX2 type), posterior diencephalon–midbrain (GATA2 type) and hindbrain–spinal cord (PTF1A and TAL1 types). Similarities and differences in the molecular regulatory mechanisms reveal the core determinants of a GABAergic neuron as well as provide insights into generation of the vast diversity of these neurons.

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Abbreviations

AP:

Anterior-posterior

bHLH:

Basic helix-loop-helix

cb:

Cerebellum

CGE:

Caudal ganglionic eminence

CNS:

Central nervous system

CoP:

Commissural pretectum (mixed GABAergic and glutamatergic)

dI4, dI6, dILa:

Subpopulations of GABAergic neurons in dorsal spinal cord

DV:

Dorso-ventral

GABA:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

hb:

Hindbrain

HD:

Homeodomain

hyp:

Hypothalamus

JcP:

Juxtacommissural pretectum (GABAergic)

LGE:

Lateral ganglionic eminence

mb:

Midbrain

m1–m5:

Progenitor domains producing GABAergic neurons in midbrain

MGE:

Medial ganglionic eminence

MHB:

Midbrain–hindbrain boundary

MZ:

Mantle zone

OB:

Olfactory bulb

p1:

Prosomere 1, pretectum

p2:

Prosomere 2, thalamus

p3:

Prosomere 3, prethalamus

PcP:

Precommissural pretectum (glutamatergic)

POA:

Preoptic area

pTHr:

Rostral thalamus (GABAergic)

pTHc:

Caudal thalamus (glutamatergic)

sc:

Spinal cord

SNpr:

Substantia nigra pars reticulata

SVS:

Subcortical visual shell nuclei

SVZ:

Subventricular zone

tel:

Telencephalon

TF:

Transcription factor

V0–V2:

Subpopulations of GABAergic neurons in ventral spinal cord

VTA:

Ventral tegmental area

VZ:

Ventricular zone

ZF:

Zinc finger

ZLI:

Zona limitans intrathalamica

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Acknowledgments

We thank Laura Lahti and Maarja Haugas for comments on this manuscript. Our work was supported by the Academy of Finland, Sigrid Juselius Foundation, Finnish Parkinson’s Foundation and the University of Helsinki.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany

    Kaia Achim

  2. Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjobergin katu 2, PO Box 66, 00014, Helsinki, Finland

    Marjo Salminen

  3. Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, PO Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland

    Juha Partanen

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  1. Kaia Achim
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  2. Marjo Salminen
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  3. Juha Partanen
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Correspondence to Kaia Achim or Juha Partanen.

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Achim, K., Salminen, M. & Partanen, J. Mechanisms regulating GABAergic neuron development. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 71, 1395–1415 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-013-1501-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-013-1501-3

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