Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Behavioral Neurobiology of Schizophrenia and Its Treatment pp 243–281Cite as

A Selective Review of Volumetric and Morphometric Imaging in Schizophrenia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences ((CTBN,volume 4))

Abstract

Brain imaging studies have long supported that schizophrenia is a disorder of the brain, involving many discrete and widely spread regions. Generally, studies have shown decreases in cortical gray matter (GM) volume. Here, we selectively review recent papers studying GM volume changes in schizophrenia subjects, both first-episode (FE) and chronic, in an attempt to quantify and better understand differences between healthy and patient groups. We focused on the cortical GM of the prefrontal cortex, limbic and paralimbic structures, temporal lobe, and one subcortical structure (the caudate nucleus). We performed a search of the electronic journal database PsycINFO using the keywords “schizophrenia” and “MRI,” and selected for papers published between 2001 and 2008. We then screened for only those studies utilizing manual or manually edited tracing methodologies for determining regions of interest (ROIs). Each region of interest was indexed independently; thus, one paper might yield results for numerous brain regions. Our review found that in almost all ROIs, cortical GM volume was decreased in the patient populations. The only exception was the caudate nucleus – most studies reviewed showed no change, while one study showed an increase in volume; this region, however, is particularly sensitive to medication effects. The reductions were seen in both FE and chronic schizophrenia. These results clearly support that schizophrenia is an anatomical disorder of the brain, and specifically that schizophrenia patients tend to have decreased cortical GM in regions involved in higher cognition and emotional processing. That these reductions were found in both FE and chronic subjects supports that brain abnormalities are present at the onset of illness, and are not simply a consequence of chronicity. Additional studies assessing morphometry at different phases of the illness, including prodromal stages, together with longitudinal studies will elucidate further the role of progression in this disorder.

This review represents original materials, it has not been previously published, and it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL (1986) Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 9:357–381

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JE, Wible CG, McCarley RW, Jakab M, Kasai K, Shenton ME (2002) An MRI study of temporal lobe abnormalities and negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 58:123–134

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baiano M, Perlini C, Rambaldelli G, Cerini R, Dusi N, Bellani M, Spezzapria G, Versace A, Balestrieri M, Mucelli RP, Tansella M, Brambilla P (2008) Decreased entorhinal cortex volumes in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 102:171–180

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cahn W, Hulshoff Pol HE, Bongers M, Schnack HG, Mandl RC, Van Haren NE, Durston S, Koning H, Van Der Linden JA, Kahn RS (2002) Brain morphology in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia: a study of multiple brain structures. Br J Psychiatry (Suppl 43):S66–S72

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chakos MH, Lieberman JA, Bilder RM, Borenstein M, Lerner G, Bogerts B, Wu H, Kinon B, Ashtari M (1994) Increase in caudate nuclei volumes of first-episode schizophrenic patients taking antipsychotic drugs. Am J Psychiatry 151:1430–1436

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coryell W, Nopoulos P, Drevets W, Wilson T, Andreasen NC (2005) Subgenual prefrontal cortex volumes in major depressive disorder and schizophrenia: diagnostic specificity and prognostic implications. Am J Psychiatry 162:1706–1712

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Csernansky JG, Wang L, Jones D, Rastogi-Cruz D, Posener JA, Heydebrand G, Miller JP, Miller MI (2002) Hippocampal deformities in schizophrenia characterized by high dimensional brain mapping. Am J Psychiatry 159:2000–2006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickey CC, Salisbury DF, Nagy AI, Hirayasu Y, Lee CU, McCarley RW, Shenton ME (2004) Follow-up MRI study of prefrontal volumes in first-episode psychotic patients. Schizophr Res 71:349–351

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Exner C, Boucsein K, Degner D, Irle E, Weniger G (2004) Impaired emotional learning and reduced amygdala size in schizophrenia: a 3-month follow-up. Schizophr Res 71:493–503

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fornito A, Yucel M, Wood SJ, Adamson C, Velakoulis D, Saling MM, McGorry PD, Pantelis C (2008) Surface-based morphometry of the anterior cingulate cortex in first episode schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 29:478–489

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fujiwara H, Shimizu M, Hirao K, Miyata J, Namiki C, Sawamoto N, Fukuyama H, Hayashi T, Murai T (2008) Female specific anterior cingulate abnormality and its association with empathic disability in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 32:1728–1734

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glenthoj A, Glenthoj BY, Mackeprang T, Pagsberg AK, Hemmingsen RP, Jernigan TL, Baare WF (2007) Basal ganglia volumes in drug-naive first-episode schizophrenia patients before and after short-term treatment with either a typical or an atypical antipsychotic drug. Psychiatry Res 154:199–208

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haznedar MM, Buchsbaum MS, Hazlett EA, Shihabuddin L, New A, Siever LJ (2004) Cingulate gyrus volume and metabolism in the schizophrenia spectrum. Schizophr Res 71:249–262

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirayasu Y, Tanaka S, Shenton ME, Salisbury DF, DeSantis MA, Levitt JJ, Wible C, Yurgelun-Todd D, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, McCarley RW (2001) Prefrontal gray matter volume reduction in first episode schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex 11:374–381

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joyal CC, Laakso MP, Tiihonen J, Syvalahti E, Vilkman H, Laakso A, Alakare B, Räkköläinen V, Salokangas RK, Hietala J (2002) A volumetric MRI study of the entorhinal cortex in first episode neuroleptic-naive schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 51:1005–1007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joyal CC, Laakso MP, Tiihonen J, Syvalahti E, Vilkman H, Laakso A, Alakare B, Räkköläinen V, Salokangas RK, Hietala J (2003) The amygdala and schizophrenia: a volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study in first-episode, neuroleptic-naive patients. Biol Psychiatry 54:1302–1304

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kasai K, Shenton ME, Salisbury DF, Hirayasu Y, Lee CU, Ciszewski AA, Yurgelun-Todd D, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, McCarley RW (2003a) Progressive decrease of left superior temporal gyrus gray matter volume in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 160:156–164

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kasai K, Shenton ME, Salisbury DF, Hirayasu Y, Onitsuka T, Spencer MH, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, McCarley RW (2003b) Progressive decrease of left Heschl gyrus and planum temporale gray matter volume in first-episode schizophrenia: a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60:766–775

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kasai K, Shenton ME, Salisbury DF, Onitsuka T, Toner SK, Yurgelun-Todd D, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, McCarley RW (2003c) Differences and similarities in insular and temporal pole MRI gray matter volume abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia and affective psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60:1069–1077

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keshavan MS, Bagwell WW, Haas GL, Sweeney JA, Schooler NR, Pettegrew JW (1994) Changes in caudate volume with neuroleptic treatment. Lancet 344:1434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koo MS, Levitt JJ, Salisbury DF, Nakamura M, Shenton ME, McCarley RW (2008) A cross-sectional and longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study of cingulate gyrus gray matter volume abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia and first-episode affective psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65:746–760

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuroki N, Kubicki M, Nestor PG, Salisbury DF, Park HJ, Levitt JJ, Woolston S, Frumin M, Niznikiewicz M, Westin CF, Maier SE, McCarley RW, Shenton ME (2006a) Fornix integrity and hippocampal volume in male schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 60:22–31

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuroki N, Shenton ME, Salisbury DF, Hirayasu Y, Onitsuka T, Ersner-Hershfield H, Yurgelun-Todd D, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, McCarley RW (2006b) Middle and inferior temporal gyrus gray matter volume abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia: an MRI study. Am J Psychiatry 163:2103–2110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laakso MP, Tiihonen J, Syvalahti E, Vilkman H, Laakso A, Alakare B, Räkköläinen V, Salokangas RK, Koivisto E, Hietala J (2001) A morphometric MRI study of the hippocampus in first-episode, neuroleptic-naive schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 50:3–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawyer G, Nyman H, Agartz I, Arnborg S, Jonsson EG, Sedvall GC, Hall H (2006) Morphological correlates to cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia as studied with Bayesian regression. BMC Psychiatry 6:31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee CU, Shenton ME, Salisbury DF, Kasai K, Onitsuka T, Dickey CC, Yurgelun-Todd D, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, McCarley RW (2002) Fusiform gyrus volume reduction in first-episode schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:775–781

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levitt JJ, McCarley RW, Dickey CC, Voglmaier MM, Niznikiewicz MA, Seidman LJ, Hirayasu Y, Ciszewski AA, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, Shenton ME (2002) MRI study of caudate nucleus volume and its cognitive correlates in neuroleptic-naive patients with schizotypal personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 159:1190–1197

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levitt JJ, Styner M, Niethammer M, Bouix S, Koo MS, Voglmaier MM, Dickey CC, Niznikiewicz MA, Kikinis R, McCarley RW, Shenton ME (2009) Shape abnormalities of caudate nucleus in schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophr Res 110:127–139

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meisenzahl EM, Zetzsche T, Preuss U, Frodl T, Leinsinger G, Moller HJ (2002) Does the definition of borders of the planum temporale influence the results in schizophrenia? Am J Psychiatry 159:1198–1200

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mesulam M (2000) Brain, mind, and the evolution of connectivity. Brain Cogn 42:4–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura M, Salisbury DF, Hirayasu Y, Bouix S, Pohl KM, Yoshida T, Koo MS, Shenton ME, McCarley RW (2007) Neocortical gray matter volume in first-episode schizophrenia and first-episode affective psychosis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal MRI study. Biol Psychiatry 62:773–783

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura M, Nestor PG, Levitt JJ, Cohen AS, Kawashima T, Shenton ME, McCarley RW (2008) Orbitofrontal volume deficit in schizophrenia and thought disorder. Brain 131:180–195

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Namiki C, Hirao K, Yamada M, Hanakawa T, Fukuyama H, Hayashi T, Murai T (2007) Impaired facial emotion recognition and reduced amygdalar volume in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 156:23–32

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nestor PG, Kubicki M, Kuroki N, Gurrera RJ, Niznikiewicz M, Shenton ME, McCarley RW (2007) Episodic memory and neuroimaging of hippocampus and fornix in chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 155:21–28

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nieuwenhuys R, Voogd J, Cv H (2008) The human central nervous system. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Niu L, Matsui M, Zhou SY, Hagino H, Takahashi T, Yoneyama E, Kawasaki Y, Suzuki M, Seto H, Ono T, Kurachi M (2004) Volume reduction of the amygdala in patients with schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Res 132:41–51

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nolte J (2009) The human brain: an introduction to its functional anatomy. Mosby/Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA

    Google Scholar 

  • Nugent AC, Milham MP, Bain EE, Mah L, Cannon DM, Marrett S, Zarate CA, Pine DS, Price JL, Drevets WC (2006) Cortical abnormalities in bipolar disorder investigated with MRI and voxel-based morphometry. Neuroimage 30:485–497

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Onitsuka T, Shenton ME, Salisbury DF, Dickey CC, Kasai K, Toner SK, Frumin M, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, McCarley RW (2004) Middle and inferior temporal gyrus gray matter volume abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia: an MRI study. Am J Psychiatry 161:1603–1611

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pegues MP, Rogers LJ, Amend D, Vinogradov S, Deicken RF (2003) Anterior hippocampal volume reduction in male patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 60:105–115

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips LJ, Velakoulis D, Pantelis C, Wood S, Yuen HP, Yung AR, Desmond P, Brewer W, McGorry PD (2002) Non-reduction in hippocampal volume is associated with higher risk of psychosis. Schizophr Res 58:145–158

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad KM, Rohm BR, Keshavan MS (2004) Parahippocampal gyrus in first episode psychotic disorders: a structural magnetic resonance imaging study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 28:651–658

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riffkin J, Yucel M, Maruff P, Wood SJ, Soulsby B, Olver J, Kyrios M, Velakoulis D, Pantelis C (2005) A manual and automated MRI study of anterior cingulate and orbito-frontal cortices, and caudate nucleus in obsessive-compulsive disorder: comparison with healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 138:99–113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rupp CI, Fleischhacker WW, Kemmler G, Kremser C, Bilder RM, Mechtcheriakov S, Szeszko PR, Walch T, Scholtz AW, Klimbacher M, Maier C, Albrecht G, Lechner-Schoner T, Felber S, Hinterhuber H (2005) Olfactory functions and volumetric measures of orbitofrontal and limbic regions in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 74:149–161

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sapara A, Cooke M, Fannon D, Francis A, Buchanan RW, Anilkumar AP, Barkataki I, Aasen I, Kuipers E, Kumari V (2007) Prefrontal cortex and insight in schizophrenia: a volumetric MRI study. Schizophr Res 89:22–34

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheepers FE, de Wied CC, Hulshoff Pol HE, van de Flier W, van der Linden JA, Kahn RS (2001a) The effect of clozapine on caudate nucleus volume in schizophrenic patients previously treated with typical antipsychotics. Neuropsychopharmacology 24:47–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheepers FE, Gispen de Wied CC, Hulshoff Pol HE, Kahn RS (2001b) Effect of clozapine on caudate nucleus volume in relation to symptoms of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 158:644–646

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shapleske J, Rossell SL, Simmons A, David AS, Woodruff PW (2001) Are auditory hallucinations the consequence of abnormal cerebral lateralization? A morphometric MRI study of the sylvian fissure and planum temporale. Biol Psychiatry 49:685–693

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shenton ME, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, Pollak SD, LeMay M, Wible CG, Hokama H, Martin J, Metcalf D, Coleman M et al (1992) Abnormalities of the left temporal lobe and thought disorder in schizophrenia. A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. N Engl J Med 327:604–612

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shenton ME, Dickey CC, Frumin M, McCarley RW (2001) A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 49:1–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sim K, DeWitt I, Ditman T, Zalesak M, Greenhouse I, Goff D, Weiss AP, Heckers S (2006) Hippocampal and parahippocampal volumes in schizophrenia: a structural MRI study. Schizophr Bull 32:332–340

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki M, Zhou SY, Takahashi T, Hagino H, Kawasaki Y, Niu L, Matsui M, Seto H, Kurachi M (2005) Differential contributions of prefrontal and temporolimbic pathology to mechanisms of psychosis. Brain 128:2109–2122

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szendi I, Kiss M, Racsmany M, Boda K, Cimmer C, Voros E, Kovács ZA, Szekeres G, Galsi G, Pléh C, Csernay L, Janka Z (2006) Correlations between clinical symptoms, working memory functions and structural brain abnormalities in men with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 147:47–55

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi T, Kawasaki Y, Kurokawa K, Hagino H, Nohara S, Yamashita I, Nakamura K, Murata M, Matsui M, Suzuki M, Seto H, Kurachi M (2002a) Lack of normal structural asymmetry of the anterior cingulate gyrus in female patients with schizophrenia: a volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study. Schizophr Res 55:69–81

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi T, Suzuki M, Kawasaki Y, Kurokawa K, Hagino H, Yamashita I, Zhou SY, Nohara S, Nakamura K, Seto H, Kurachi M (2002b) Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study of the anterior cingulate gyrus in schizotypal disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 252:268–277

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi T, Suzuki M, Zhou SY, Tanino R, Hagino H, Kawasaki Y, Matsui M, Seto H, Kurachi M (2006a) Morphologic alterations of the parcellated superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenia spectrum. Schizophr Res 83:131–143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi T, Suzuki M, Zhou SY, Tanino R, Hagino H, Niu L, Kawasaki Y, Seto H, Kurachi M (2006b) Temporal lobe gray matter in schizophrenia spectrum: a volumetric MRI study of the fusiform gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and middle and inferior temporal gyri. Schizophr Res 87:116–126

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanskanen P, Veijola JM, Piippo UK, Haapea M, Miettunen JA, Pyhtinen J, Bullmore ET, Jones PB, Isohanni MK (2005) Hippocampus and amygdala volumes in schizophrenia and other psychoses in the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort. Schizophr Res 75:283–294

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tauscher-Wisniewski S, Tauscher J, Logan J, Christensen BK, Mikulis DJ, Zipursky RB (2002) Caudate volume changes in first episode psychosis parallel the effects of normal aging: a 5-year follow-up study. Schizophr Res 58:185–188

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tauscher-Wisniewski S, Tauscher J, Christensen BK, Mikulis DJ, Zipursky RB (2005) Volumetric MRI measurement of caudate nuclei in antipsychotic-naive patients suffering from a first episode of psychosis. J Psychiatr Res 39:365–370

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thoma RJ, Hanlon FM, Petropoulos H, Miller GA, Moses SN, Smith A, Parks L, Lundy SL, Sanchez NM, Jones A, Huang M, Weisend MP, Cañive JM (2008) Schizophrenia diagnosis and anterior hippocampal volume make separate contributions to sensory gating. Psychophysiology 45:926–935

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Velakoulis D, Stuart GW, Wood SJ, Smith DJ, Brewer WJ, Desmond P, Singh B, Copolov D, Pantelis C (2001) Selective bilateral hippocampal volume loss in chronic schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 50:531–539

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss AP, Dewitt I, Goff D, Ditman T, Heckers S (2005) Anterior and posterior hippocampal volumes in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 73:103–112

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whitworth AB, Kemmler G, Honeder M, Kremser C, Felber S, Hausmann A, Walch T, Wanko C, Weiss EM, Stuppaeck CH, Fleischhacker WW (2005) Longitudinal volumetric MRI study in first- and multiple-episode male schizophrenia patients. Psychiatry Res 140:225–237

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wible CG, Anderson J, Shenton ME, Kricun A, Hirayasu Y, Tanaka S, Levitt JJ, O'Donnell BF, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, McCarley RW (2001) Prefrontal cortex, negative symptoms, and schizophrenia: an MRI study. Psychiatry Res 108:65–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiegand LC, Warfield SK, Levitt JJ, Hirayasu Y, Salisbury DF, Heckers S, Dickey CC, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, McCarley RW, Shenton ME (2004) Prefrontal cortical thickness in first-episode psychosis: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 55:131–140

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiegand LC, Warfield SK, Levitt JJ, Hirayasu Y, Salisbury DF, Heckers S, Bouix S, Schwartz D, Spencer M, Dickey CC, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, McCarley RW, Shenton ME (2005) An in vivo MRI study of prefrontal cortical complexity in first-episode psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 162:65–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamasue H, Iwanami A, Hirayasu Y, Yamada H, Abe O, Kuroki N, Fukuda R, Tsujii K, Aoki S, Ohtomo K, Kato N, Kasai K (2004) Localized volume reduction in prefrontal, temporolimbic, and paralimbic regions in schizophrenia: an MRI parcellation study. Psychiatry Res 131:195–207

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zetzsche T, Preuss U, Frodl T, Watz D, Schmitt G, Koutsouleris N, Born C, Reiser M, Möller HJ, Meisenzahl EM (2007) In-vivo topography of structural alterations of the anterior cingulate in patients with schizophrenia: new findings and comparison with the literature. Schizophr Res 96:34–45

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou SY, Suzuki M, Hagino H, Takahashi T, Kawasaki Y, Matsui M, Seto H, Kurachi M (2005) Volumetric analysis of sulci/gyri-defined in vivo frontal lobe regions in schizophrenia: precentral gyrus, cingulate gyrus, and prefrontal region. Psychiatry Res 139:127–139

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by a VA Merit Award (JJL).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry at the VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Brockton Campus, 116A4, 940 Belmont Street, Brockton, MA, 02301, USA

    James J. Levitt

  2. Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    James J. Levitt, Laurel Bobrow, Diandra Lucia & Padmapriya Srinivasan

Authors
  1. James J. Levitt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Laurel Bobrow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Diandra Lucia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Padmapriya Srinivasan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to James J. Levitt .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Dept. of Psychiatry - MC 0804, University of San Diego, Gilman Drive 9500, La Jolla, 92093, USA

    Neal R. Swerdlow

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Levitt, J.J., Bobrow, L., Lucia, D., Srinivasan, P. (2010). A Selective Review of Volumetric and Morphometric Imaging in Schizophrenia. In: Swerdlow, N. (eds) Behavioral Neurobiology of Schizophrenia and Its Treatment. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2010_53

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation