Detailed results and statistical analyses related to social behavior
| Three chambered social interaction test - social preference | |||||||||||||||||
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| Zone comparison, three zones, time in chambers | |||||||||||||||||
| All mice | Test | Data structure | F | p value | Power | C vs M | C vs O | M vs O | |||||||||
| - Chamber | rMeasures | Sph.viol | 149.525 | 0.0000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| - Cohort | rMeasures | Sph.viol | 1.456 | 0.2328 | 0.452 | − | − | − | |||||||||
| - Chamber × cohort | rMeasures | Sph.viol | 2.267 | 0.1149 | 0.220 | − | − | − | |||||||||
| WT | Test | Data structure | F | p value | Power | WT vs Het | WT vs KO | Het vs KO | |||||||||
| - Chamber | rMeasures | Sph.ass | 78.786 | 0.0000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| - Cohort | rMeasures | Sph.ass | 5.360 | 0.0342 | 0.585 | − | − | − | |||||||||
| - Chamber × cohort | rMeasures | Sph.ass | 1.546 | 0.2285 | 0.297 | − | − | − | |||||||||
| Het | Test | Data structure | F | p value | Power | WT vs Het | WT vs KO | Het vs KO | |||||||||
| - Chamber | rMeasures | Sph.viol | 61.909 | 0.0000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| - Cohort | rMeasures | Sph.viol | 1.252 | 0.2787 | 0.184 | − | − | − | |||||||||
| - Chamber × cohort | rMeasures | Sph.viol | 3.768 | 0.0508 | 0.543 | − | − | − | |||||||||
| KO | Test | Data structure | F | p value | Power | WT vs Het | WT vs KO | Het vs KO | |||||||||
| - Chamber | rMeasures | Sph.ass | 30.043 | 0.0000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| - Cohort | rMeasures | Sph.ass | 2.003 | 0.1751 | 0.267 | − | − | − | |||||||||
| - Chamber × cohort | rMeasures | Sph.ass | 0.227 | 0.7982 | 0.082 | − | − | − | |||||||||
| Zone comparison, two zones, Mouse A vs object interaction time | |||||||||||||||||
| Test | Data structure | All F | All p value | Power | WT F | WT p value | Power | Het F | Het p value | Power | KO F | KO p value | Power | ||||
| - Chamber | rMeasures | Sph.ass | 40.069 | 0.0000 | 1.000 | 10.622 | 0.005 | 0.864 | 14.120 | 0.002 | 0.943 | 19.123 | 0.000 | 0.984 | |||
| - Cohort | rMeasures | Sph.ass | 1.078 | 0.3038 | 0.175 | 0.561 | 0.465 | 0.109 | 3.631 | 0.769 | 0.059 | 0.434 | 0.519 | 0.095 | |||
| - Chamber × cohort | rMeasures | Sph.ass | 0.921 | 0.3414 | 0.156 | 0.002 | 0.963 | 0.050 | 0.089 | 0.074 | 0.436 | 0.617 | 0.443 | 0.115 | |||
| Genotype | Cohort | Genotype × cohort | Pairwise comparisons | ||||||||||||||
| Test | Data structure | WT | Het | KO | F | p value | Power | F | p value | Power | F | p value | Power | WT vs Het | WT vs KO | Het vs KO | |
| Time in mouse or object chamber | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 528.42 ± 10.99 | 509.46 ± 27.36 | 501.19 ± 14.27 | 0.428 | 0.6540 | 0.116 | 2.557 | 0.116 | 0.348 | 0.131 | 0.878 | 0.069 | − | − | − |
| Time sniffing mouse or object | 2wANOVA | Normal | 89.02 ± 6.62 | 103.43 ± 10.43 | 101.27 ± 11.18 | 0.670 | 0.5160 | 0.156 | 2.367 | 0.130 | 0.326 | 1.153 | 0.324 | 0.242 | − | − | − |
| Time close to mouse or object | 2wANOVA | Normal | 162.11 ± 8.5 | 168.73 ± 11.02 | 146.49 ± 10.45 | 1.165 | 0.3200 | 0.244 | 0.888 | 0.351 | 0.152 | 0.037 | 0.964 | 0.055 | − | − | − |
| Male-female social interactions, sniffing | |||||||||||||||||
| Genotype | Cohort | Genotype × cohort | Pairwise comparisons | ||||||||||||||
| Test | Data structure | WT | Het | KO | F | p value | Power | F | p value | Power | F | p value | Power | WT vs Het | WT vs KO | Het vs KO | |
| Anogenital, time (s) | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 10.22 ± 1.62 | 12.36 ± 1.86 | 9.05 ± 1.43 | 0.933 | 0.4000 | 0.202 | 0.154 | 0.696 | 0.067 | 0.097 | 0.908 | 0.064 | − | − | − |
| Anogenital, number | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 12.56 ± 3.44 | 14.28 ± 4.04 | 7.77 ± 2.36 | 1.049 | 0.3580 | 0.223 | 0.050 | 0.824 | 0.056 | 0.653 | 0.525 | 0.153 | − | − | − |
| Anogenital, latency to first (s) | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 26.91 ± 11.44 | 19.61 ± 8.63 | 83.18 ± 25.05 | 4.238 | 0.0200 | 0.715 | 2.222 | 0.143 | 0.309 | 1.172 | 0.318 | 0.245 | 0.619 | 0.032 | 0.008 |
| Nose to body, time (s) | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 14.94 ± 2.05 | 14.94 ± 2.71 | 16.58 ± 2.86 | 0.348 | 0.7080 | 0.103 | 0.783 | 0.381 | 0.140 | 1.722 | 0.190 | 0.344 | − | − | − |
| Nose to body, number | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 10.93 ± 1.54 | 10.83 ± 1.68 | 13.91 ± 4.35 | 0.333 | 0.7190 | 0.100 | 0.483 | 0.490 | 0.105 | 2.192 | 0.123 | 0.426 | − | − | − |
| Nose to body, latency to first (s) | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 18.89 ± 5.38 | 20.94 ± 8.22 | 13.38 ± 3.97 | 0.332 | 0.7190 | 0.100 | 1.025 | 0.316 | 0.168 | 0.915 | 0.408 | 0.199 | − | − | − |
| Nose to nose, time (s) | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 8.55 ± 0.85 | 10.73 ± 1.07 | 9.58 ± 1.13 | 0.133 | 0.8760 | 0.069 | 0.717 | 0.401 | 0.132 | 1.107 | 0.339 | 0.233 | − | − | − |
| Nose to nose number | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 6.31 ± 0.79 | 6.91 ± 0.63 | 6.61 ± 1.18 | 1.118 | 0.3350 | 0.235 | 0.020 | 0.889 | 0.052 | 0.394 | 0.676 | 0.110 | − | − | − |
| Nose to nose, latency to first (s) | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 34.72 ± 7.85 | 34.09 ± 9.24 | 16.58 ± 3.97 | 1.599 | 0.2130 | 0.322 | 0.062 | 0.804 | 0.057 | 0.417 | 0.661 | 0.114 | − | − | − |
| All sniffing, time (s) | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 33.77 ± 3.7 | 38.05 ± 4.77 | 35.23 ± 4.63 | 0.155 | 0.8570 | 0.073 | 0.686 | 0.412 | 0.128 | 0.654 | 0.524 | 0.153 | − | − | − |
| All sniffing, number | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 29.81 ± 4.59 | 32.03 ± 5.13 | 28.29 ± 6.45 | 0.313 | 0.7330 | 0.097 | 0.138 | 0.712 | 0.065 | 1.522 | 0.229 | 0.308 | − | − | − |
| All sniffing, latency to first (s) | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 5.52 ± 1.85 | 4.29 ± 1.55 | 7.41 ± 2.92 | 0.586 | 0.5610 | 0.142 | 1.267 | 0.266 | 0.197 | 0.042 | 0.959 | 0.056 | − | − | − |
| Male-female social interactions, ultrasonic vocalization | |||||||||||||||||
| Genotype | Cohort | Genotype × cohort | Pairwise comparisons | ||||||||||||||
| Test | Data structure | WT | Het | KO | F | p value | Power | F | p value | Power | F | p value | Power | WT vs Het | WT vs KO | Het vs KO | |
| USV, all calls | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 380.11 ± 50.36 | 378.33 ± 64.78 | 287.58 ± 31.87 | 1.345 | 0.2704 | 0.276 | 3.242 | 0.078 | 0.422 | 0.193 | 0.825 | 0.078 | − | − | − |
| USV, minute 1 | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 84.16 ± 12.35 | 94.11 ± 21.67 | 64.7 ± 8.21 | 1.071 | 0.3507 | 0.227 | 1.180 | 0.283 | 0.186 | 0.865 | 0.428 | 0.190 | − | − | − |
| USV, minute 2 | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 68.11 ± 9.01 | 73.22 ± 14.22 | 57.41 ± 5.55 | 0.649 | 0.5271 | 0.152 | 1.150 | 0.289 | 0.183 | 0.070 | 0.932 | 0.060 | − | − | − |
| USV, minute 3 | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 77.61 ± 11.62 | 68.72 ± 8.59 | 57.7 ± 8.2 | 1.363 | 0.2659 | 0.279 | 2.155 | 0.149 | 0.301 | 0.799 | 0.456 | 0.178 | − | − | − |
| USV, minute 4 | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 74.5 ± 14.48 | 76.44 ± 13 | 52.7 ± 4.98 | 1.566 | 0.2197 | 0.316 | 4.139 | 0.048 | 0.513 | 0.276 | 0.760 | 0.091 | − | − | − |
| USV, minute 5 | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 75.72 ± 14.21 | 65.83 ± 11.73 | 55.05 ± 8.13 | 1.092 | 0.3439 | 0.230 | 5.269 | 0.026 | 0.613 | 0.049 | 0.952 | 0.057 | − | − | − |
| USV | Test | Data structure | F | p value | Power | WT vs Het | WT vs KO | Het vs KO | |||||||||
| - Time | rMeasures | Sph.viol | 2.964 | 0.0210 | 0.785 | − | − | − | |||||||||
| - Time × genotype | rMeasures | Sph.viol | 0.558 | 0.8110 | 0.254 | − | − | − | |||||||||
| - Genotype | rMeasures | Sph.viol | 1.345 | 0.2704 | 0.276 | − | − | − | |||||||||
| - Cohort | rMeasures | Sph.viol | 3.242 | 0.0782 | 0.422 | − | − | − | |||||||||
| - Time × gen. × coh. | rMeasures | Sph.viol | 1.245 | 0.2750 | 0.564 | − | − | − | |||||||||
| - Gen. × coh. | rMeasures | Sph.viol | 0.193 | 0.8248 | 0.078 | − | − | − | |||||||||
| Social transmission of food preference | |||||||||||||||||
| Genotype | Cohort | Genotype × cohort | Pairwise comparisons | ||||||||||||||
| Test | Data structure | WT | Het | KO | F | p value | Power | F | p value | Power | F | p value | Power | WT vs Het | WT vs KO | Het vs KO | |
| Demonstrator sniffing time (s) | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 29.8 ± 6.01 | 37.44 ± 6.25 | 24.69 ± 6.39 | 0.756 | 0.4752 | 0.171 | 4.407 | 0.041 | 0.538 | 0.202 | 0.818 | 0.080 | − | − | − |
| Number of sniffing bouts | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 9.68 ± 1.51 | 13.57 ± 1.48 | 7.26 ± 1.36 | 4.064 | 0.0236 | 0.695 | 2.772 | 0.103 | 0.371 | 0.099 | 0.906 | 0.064 | 0.126 | 0.733 | 0.021 |
| Time exploring all food (s) | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 1533.36 ± 98.47 | 1456.68 ± 98.14 | 1715.26 ± 124.97 | 1.372 | 0.2635 | 0.281 | 0.361 | 0.551 | 0.091 | 0.216 | 0.806 | 0.082 | − | − | − |
| Time pre-exposed/all food (%) | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 64.89 ± 3.55 | 59.21 ± 4.8 | 64.54 ± 4.71 | 0.589 | 0.5589 | 0.142 | 0.150 | 0.700 | 0.067 | 1.790 | 0.178 | 0.356 | − | − | − |
| Time new/all food (%) | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 35.1 ± 3.55 | 40.78 ± 4.8 | 35.45 ± 4.71 | 0.589 | 0.5589 | 0.142 | 0.150 | 0.700 | 0.067 | 1.790 | 0.178 | 0.356 | − | − | − |
| Ratio time pre-exposed/new | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 2.6 ± 0.45 | 2.31 ± 0.47 | 3.06 ± 0.64 | 0.636 | 0.5338 | 0.150 | 1.077 | 0.305 | 0.174 | 0.739 | 0.483 | 0.168 | − | − | − |
| Time spent exploring cocoa/all food (%) | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 51.21 ± 4.98 | 50.65 ± 5.26 | 50.97 ± 5.82 | 0.003 | 0.9969 | 0.050 | 0.240 | 0.626 | 0.077 | 0.856 | 0.431 | 0.188 | − | − | − |
| Time exploring cinnamon/all food (%) | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 48.78 ± 4.98 | 49.34 ± 5.26 | 49.02 ± 5.82 | 0.003 | 0.9969 | 0.050 | 0.240 | 0.626 | 0.077 | 0.856 | 0.431 | 0.188 | − | − | − |
| Ratio time cocoa/cinnamon | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 1.55 ± 0.31 | 1.67 ± 0.4 | 2.07 ± 0.64 | 0.585 | 0.5611 | 0.141 | 0.769 | 0.385 | 0.138 | 0.433 | 0.651 | 0.116 | − | − | − |
| Total amount of eaten food (g) | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 1.21 ± 0.18 | 0.82 ± 0.15 | 0.58 ± 0.06 | 4.286 | 0.0195 | 0.720 | 1.848 | 0.180 | 0.265 | 0.726 | 0.489 | 0.166 | 0.146 | 0.011 | 0.491 |
| Amount of eaten food, pre-exposed (g) | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 0.87 ± 0.14 | 0.67 ± 0.14 | 0.46 ± 0.07 | 2.346 | 0.1068 | 0.452 | 2.802 | 0.101 | 0.375 | 1.058 | 0.355 | 0.224 | − | − | − |
| Amount of eaten food, new (g) | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 0.34 ± 0.08 | 0.15 ± 0.04 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 4.130 | 0.0223 | 0.703 | 0.063 | 0.803 | 0.057 | 1.108 | 0.339 | 0.233 | 0.065 | 0.048 | 0.990 |
| Amount of eaten food, cocoa (g) | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 0.59 ± 0.13 | 0.36 ± 0.11 | 0.3 ± 0.07 | 1.887 | 0.1629 | 0.373 | 0.343 | 0.561 | 0.089 | 0.720 | 0.492 | 0.165 | − | − | − |
| Amount of eaten food, cinnamon (g) | 2wANOVA | Nonnormal | 0.62 ± 0.13 | 0.46 ± 0.13 | 0.3 ± 0.05 | 1.563 | 0.2202 | 0.315 | 1.125 | 0.294 | 0.180 | 0.165 | 0.849 | 0.074 | − | − | − |
| Percentage pre-exposed vs new | Test | Data structure | All F | All p value | Power | WT F | WT p value | Power | Het F | Het p value | Power | KO F | KO p value | Power | |||
| - Flavor | rMeasures | Sph.ass | 25.686 | 0.0000 | 0.999 | 18.792 | 0.000 | 0.983 | 4.601 | 0.045 | 0.433 | 9.230 | 0.007 | 0.817 | |||
| - Cohort | rMeasures | Sph.ass | 0.000 | 1.0000 | 0.050 | 0.800 | 0.384 | NA | 0.196 | 0.663 | NA | 0.531 | 0.476 | 0.106 | |||
| - Flavor × cohort | rMeasures | Sph.ass | 0.009 | 0.9227 | 0.051 | 6.593 | 0.020 | 0.678 | 0.195 | 0.665 | 0.070 | 1.137 | 0.301 | 0.172 | |||
| Time cacao vs cinnamon | Test | Data structure | All F | All p value | Power | WT F | WT p value | Power | Het F | Het p value | Power | KO F | KO p value | Power | |||
| - Flavor | rMeasures | Sph.ass | 0.001 | 0.9745 | 0.050 | 0.058 | 0.812 | 0.050 | 0.035 | 0.854 | 0.054 | 0.058 | 0.812 | 0.063 | |||
| - Cohort | rMeasures | Sph.ass | 0.100 | 0.7525 | 0.061 | 0.080 | 0.780 | 0.135 | 0.196 | 0.663 | 0.070 | 0.080 | 0.780 | 0.058 | |||
| - Flavor × cohort | rMeasures | Sph.ass | 0.001 | 0.9702 | 0.050 | 0.004 | 0.950 | 0.178 | 0.957 | 0.342 | 0.152 | 0.004 | 0.950 | 0.050 | |||
| Amount of eaten food, pre-expose vs new | Test | Data structure | All F | All p value | Power | WT F | WT p value | Power | Het F | Het pvalue | Power | KO F | KO p value | Power | |||
| - Flavor | rMeasures | Sph.ass | 42.099 | 0.0000 | 1.000 | 13.852 | 0.002 | 0.935 | 13.378 | 0.002 | 0.929 | 13.503 | 0.002 | 0.931 | |||
| - Cohort | rMeasures | Sph.ass | 2.399 | 0.1276 | 0.330 | 0.400 | 0.537 | 0.091 | 2.323 | 0.147 | 0.299 | 0.131 | 0.722 | 0.063 | |||
| - Flavor × cohort | rMeasures | Sph.ass | 3.445 | 0.0692 | 0.445 | 4.346 | 0.055 | 0.496 | 0.872 | 0.364 | 0.142 | 0.080 | 0.781 | 0.058 | |||
| Amount of eaten food, cacao vs cinnamon | Test | Data structure | All F | All p value | Power | WT F | WT p value | Power | Het F | Het p value | Power | KO F | KO p value | Power | |||
| - Flavor | rMeasures | Sph.ass | 0.212 | 0.6473 | 0.074 | 0.005 | 0.945 | 0.050 | 0.265 | 0.614 | 0.077 | 0.011 | 0.918 | 0.051 | |||
| - Cohort | rMeasures | Sph.ass | 2.399 | 0.1276 | 0.330 | 0.400 | 0.537 | 0.091 | 2.323 | 0.147 | 0.299 | 0.131 | 0.722 | 0.063 | |||
| - Flavor × cohort | rMeasures | Sph.ass | 0.117 | 0.7342 | 0.063 | 0.178 | 0.679 | 0.068 | 0.052 | 0.822 | 0.055 | 0.271 | 0.610 | 0.078 | |||
WT, wild-type mice; Het, heterozygous mice; KO, homozygous knock-out mice. C, center chamber; M, mouse chamber; O, object chamber. Group values are reported as mean ± SEM. Bold font indicates significant results (p < 0.05). Individual results and statistical analyses for cohorts 1 and 2 are available in Extended Data Table 8-1. 2wANOVA: 2-way ANOVA, rMeasures: repeated measures, Sph.ass: sphericity assumed, Sph.viol: sphericity violated, gen: genotype, coh: cohort.