Table 1.

Laboratory tests for the biomarkers reviewed in this article that are available in hospital laboratories.

Biomarker	Sample	Method	Normal range	Range in TBI
S100β	Serum	IC	<0.11 µg/l	>0.11 µg/l^a
NSE	Serum	Immunodetection based on ECL	From <17 to <25 µg/l, depending on age	>20 µg/l^a
NSE	CSF	Immunodetection based on ECL	<15 µg/l	54.80 ± 43.34 µg/l^b
P-tau	CSF	ELISA	<70 pg/ml	N/A
Tau	CSF	ELISA	<400 pg/ml	1684–8691 pg/ml^c
Aβ-42	CSF	ELISA	>500 pg/ml	<230 pg/ml^d <350 pg/ml^e
IL-6	Plasma	IC	<5.9 ng/l	N/A
IL-8	Plasma	IC	<62 ng/l	N/A
TNF-α	Serum	IC	<8.1 ng/l	N/A

The assays shown in the table respond to the head injuries and to the conditions of the central nervous system, but only S100β has TBI as the main indication. The data were collected from the laboratory manuals of large hospitals in September 2016. IC, immunochemiluminescence; ECL, electrochemiluminescence; Aβ-42, amyloid-beta-42 protein. ^aReference values defined in clinical laboratories. ^bBrandner et al. (2013). ^cMagnoni et al.(2012). ^dFranz et al. (2003). ^eMondello et al.(2014).