Table 3:

Summary of differentially regulated BMP/TGF-β signaling pathway genes in OPCs cultured in LDN-193189, BMP4, or both, or vehicle for 24 h in differentiating conditions

	Up/down	Fold regulation	p value
BMP4 vs control
Gene name
Epithelial membrane protein 1 (Emp1)	↑	9.19	^*
Noggin (Nog)	↑	6.20	***
Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 β (Gadd45b)	↑	5.17	^*
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (Cdkn1a)	↑	5.11	**
Transforming growth factor, beta 3 (Tgfb3)	↑	4.37	^*
Jun-B oncogene (Junb)	↑	4.27	^*
Latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 1 (Ltbp1)	↑	3.94	**
BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (Bambi)	↑	3.84	**
BMP-binding endothelial regulator (Bmper)	↑	3.40	**
Inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2)	↑	2.25	^*
Distal-less homeobox 2 (Dlx2)	↑	2.10	^*
TGFβ-1-induced transcript (Tgfb1i1)	↑	2.06	^*
Inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (Id1)	↑	1.94	^*
FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene (Fos)	↑	1.94	**
SRY-box containing gene 4 (Sox4)	↑	1.87	^*
Small MAD homolog 1 (Smad1)	↑	1.50	^*
BMP receptor 1A (Bmpr1a)	↑	1.54	^*
Small MAD homolog 5 (Smad5)	↓	−1.27	^*
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat1)	↓	−1.35	^*
TGF-β receptor I (Tgfbr1)	↓	−1.60	^*
Small MAD homolog 2 (Smad2)	↓	−1.66	**
Small MAD homolog 7 (Smad7)	↓	−1.74	^*
SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (Smurf1)	↓	−2.13	****
Plasminogen activator, urokinase (Plau)	↓	−5.16	**
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4)	↓	−5.53	^*

LDN-193189 vs control^a
Gene name
Epithelial membrane protein 1 (Emp1)	↓	−2.07	^*
Inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2)	↓	−3.15	**
BMP-binding endothelial regulator (Bmper)	↓	−3.63	**
Inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (Id1)	↓	−3.65	^*
Noggin (Nog)	↓	−6.35	^*
MDS1 and EVI1 complex locus (Mecom)	↓	−22.15	**

LDN-193189+BMP4 vs BMP4^b
Gene name
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4)	↑	3.32	^*
TGF-β receptor I (Tgfbr1)	↑	1.69	^*
Small MAD homolog 5 (Smad5)	↑	1.58	^*
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat1)	↑	1.41	^*
Noggin (Nog)	↓	−1.36	^*
Distal-less homeobox 2 (Dlx2)	↓	−1.40	^*
FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene (Fos)	↓	−1.42	^*
Col1a1	↓	−1.64	^*
BMP-binding endothelial regulator (Bmper)	↓	−2.12	^*
BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (Bambi)	↓	−2.22	^*
Transforming growth factor beta-1-induced transcript 1 (Tgfb1i1)	↓	−2.50	^*
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (Cdkn1a)	↓	−3.23	**
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1)	↓	−3.50	**
Jun-B oncogene (Jun)	↓	−4.19	^*
Latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 1 (Ltbp1)	↓	−5.46	***
Epithelial membrane protein 1 (Emp1)	↓	−9.63	^*

↵ ^aValues are compared with controls.
↵ ^bValues are compared with BMP4.
↵*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.