TY - JOUR T1 - Habitual Behavior Is Mediated by a Shift in Response-Outcome Encoding by Infralimbic Cortex JF - eneuro JO - eNeuro DO - 10.1523/ENEURO.0337-17.2017 VL - 4 IS - 6 SP - ENEURO.0337-17.2017 AU - Jacqueline M. Barker AU - W. Bailey Glen AU - David N. Linsenbardt AU - Christopher C. Lapish AU - L. Judson Chandler Y1 - 2017/11/01 UR - http://www.eneuro.org/content/4/6/ENEURO.0337-17.2017.abstract N2 - The ability to flexibly switch between goal-directed actions and habits is critical for adaptive behavior. The infralimbic prefrontal cortex (IfL-C) has been consistently identified as a crucial structure for the regulation of response strategies. To investigate the role of the IfL-C, the present study employed two validated reinforcement schedules that either promote habits or goal-directed actions in mice. The results reveal that information about action-outcome relationships is differentially encoded in the IfL-C during actions and habits as evidenced by encoding of behavioral outcomes during goal-directed actions that is lost during habits. Optogenetic inhibition of the IfL-C selectively at press during habitual behavior (when firing rates are reduced during unreinforced goal-directed actions) resulted in restoration of sensitivity to change of action-outcome contingency. These results reveal a novel functional mechanism by which IfL-C promotes habitual behavior, and provide insight into strategies for the treatment and prevention of pathological, inflexible behavior common in neuropsychiatric illness. ER -