@article {Buades-RotgerENEURO.0337-16.2017, author = {Maci{\`a} Buades-Rotger and Frederike Beyer and Ulrike M. Kr{\"a}mer}, title = {Avoidant Responses to Interpersonal Provocation Are Associated with Increased Amygdala and Decreased Mentalizing Network Activity}, elocation-id = {ENEURO.0337-16.2017}, year = {2017}, doi = {10.1523/ENEURO.0337-16.2017}, publisher = {Society for Neuroscience}, abstract = {When intentionally pushed or insulted, one can either flee from the provoker or retaliate. The implementation of such fight-or-flight decisions is a central aspect in the genesis and evolution of aggression episodes, yet it is usually investigated only indirectly or in non-social situations. In the present fMRI study, we aimed to distinguish brain regions associated with aggressive and avoidant responses to interpersonal provocation in humans. Participants (thirty-six healthy young women) could either avoid or face a highly (HP) and a lowly provoking (LP) opponent in a competitive reaction time task: the fight-or-escape paradigm (FOE). Subjects avoided the HP more often, but retaliated when facing her. Moreover, they chose to fight the HP more quickly, and showed increased heart rate right before confronting her. Orbitofrontal (OFC) and sensorimotor cortex were more active when participants decided to fight, whereas the mentalizing network was engaged when deciding to avoid. Importantly, avoiding the HP relative to the LP was associated with both higher activation in the right basolateral amygdala and lower relative activity in several mentalizing regions (e.g. medial and inferior frontal gyrus, temporo-parietal junction). These results suggest that avoidant responses to provocation might result from heightened threat anticipation and are associated with reduced perspective-taking. Furthermore, our study helps to reconcile conflicting findings on the role of the mentalizing network, the amygdala, and the OFC in aggression.Significance Statement Much research has focused on why individuals react aggressively to provocation, but it is also crucial to understand why they avoid confrontation. Here, we investigated the neural basis of aggressive and avoidant responses to interpersonal provocation. Brain regions typically recruited when thinking about others{\textquoteright} intentions were activated when avoiding an encounter, but less so against a highly provoking rival. The basolateral amygdala, a structure involved in rapid threat detection, was more active when participants avoided a highly provoking opponent. This indicates that provocation increases threat anticipation, thereby leading to cognitive and behavioral disengagement. Our study thus identifies plausible neuropsychological processes underlying avoidant and aggressive reactions to provocation, and helps to resolve inconsistencies in the neuroscientific literature on aggression.}, URL = {https://www.eneuro.org/content/early/2017/06/26/ENEURO.0337-16.2017}, eprint = {https://www.eneuro.org/content/early/2017/06/26/ENEURO.0337-16.2017.full.pdf}, journal = {eNeuro} }